Commentary and Projections Auditing Accountability

Question: Talk about the Commentary and Projections Auditing Accountability. Answer: Presentation: The ebb and flow task intends to give an inside and out assessment of the gave article, Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. The article centers around positive bookkeeping in the more extensive feeling of an exploration program that plans to shape causal portrayals of human conduct in the bookkeeping system as opposed to benefit after duty in bookkeeping. What's more, the wide positivist research program has various inadequacies by and by. The most inalienable complexities establish of easygoing advancement of theoretical models to be endured, over the top reliance on the testing of theories and absence of consideration on the numerical estimations of the boundaries. So as to assess the benefits and faults of positive bookkeeping research, the specialist has assessed the more extensive scholarly task with the suppositions of cosmology and epistemology. In this unique situation, Apostolou et al. (2016) commented that basic audit of positive bookkeeping would survey a few escape clauses, which limit the equivalent to make important commitments to the more extensive research venture. The task, accordingly, plans to give a short outline of the gave article. In addition, the investigation would concentrate on distinguishing the examination speculation alongside portrayal of its worth and the technique through which it has spilled out of the writing survey. At last, the hypothetical structure combined with the importance and disadvantages of the article have been quickly delineated. Synopsis of the article: The analyst, in the article, has endeavored to examine the positive methodology related with bookkeeping research. As remarked by Ballwieser et al. (2012), the bookkeeping exploration of positive methodology is connected with the more extensive scholarly venture of logical research, which means to break down the reason impact connections. The insufficiencies in the positive bookkeeping research have been exhibited by choosing certain illustrative papers, which for the most part incorporate the papers from the reviewing writing. It has been discovered that positive research is as of now used in bookkeeping; in any case, it has certain provisos in achieving the logical objective in the wake of picking the illustrative papers to fit the motivation behind this exploration. Also, the portrayal of Kuhn identified with typical science suits with the positive research of bookkeeping too. The possibilities are quickly explained for a Kuhnian upheaval and emergency, which may achieve positive bookkeeping to achieve its latent capacity (Jones and Aiken 2015). The scientist has depicted Poppers basis to demonstrate that enlistment isn't adequate to gauge the precision of a specific hypothesis. What's more, the article has given a concise survey of the adulteration of positive bookkeeping hypotheses. So as to depict the equivalent, four classes of portrayals have been laid forward, which incorporate blunder estimations, inner impacts, outer impacts and the wastefulness of the relativity hypothesis. Hence, the analyst has induced that a particular hypothesis couldn't be recounted by perceptions; in any case, it could pick between at least two speculations. At the end of the day, the unequivocal perceptions distort incorrect hypotheses; nonetheless, it is inalienable just if there should arise an occurrence of help of a restricting hypothesis. Alongside this, the article has given an inside and out dismemberment of the shortcomings and rationale related with the factual speculation testing. Be that as it may, it has been discovered that it has been a weaken form of the rationale of Popper. This is on the grounds that each and every test out of 20 could be wrongly dismissed at the 5% level of essentialness. Also, the specialized issue related with theory testing is the test measurement conveyance falling under invalid speculation, which depends principally on the strengthening suppositions. Besides, regardless of whether the specialized issue could be settled, there is high likelihood that speculation testing would come up short. This is inborn when just a solitary exchange speculation is considered without satisfactory and cautious detail. This is on the grounds that it may be reliable with various bookkeeping speculations, which would give diverse quality of affiliation. Subsequently, the specialist has understood the imp assioned need to build up a superior estimation methodology to experience thorough testing of the hypothetical models common in bookkeeping. Research question/theory: The accompanying examination theories have been set to analyze the legitimacy of positive bookkeeping research: H0: There is presence of a universe, which is past the creative mind level of a person H1: The occasions on the planet have reasons, which structure a piece of the universe themselves H2: The ordinary people could acquire profoundly dependable data about the worldwide occasions with the assistance of cautious perception H3: The aim of the protected innovation is to use perceptions for increasing a worldwide comprehension of the universe, particularly causation So as to test the principal speculation, different examples of positive research in bookkeeping have been advanced. As indicated by Bedford and Ziegler (2016), the activity of objective personal responsibility among parties connected with suggested or express agreements have brought about hypothesizing the marvels of bookkeeping. For testing the subsequent theory, the analyst has examined logical epistemology and philosophy, which delineates that the examination of positive bookkeeping isn't indistinguishable as bookkeeping research. In this unique situation, Bromwich and Scapens (2016) upheld that occasions don't happen as irregular or the yield of mediation from outside the universe. So as to survey the third theory, the analyst has examined distortion and speculation testing to decide its legitimacy. Hence, as per the gave hypothesis, cautious perception is required through which primer thoughts could be created. Appropriately, a proper hypothesis could be created with testable expectations, which is steady with the current pertinent and trustworthy exact proof (Chatfield and Vangermeersch 2014).After that, the expectations of the new hypothesis could be tried as opposed to new perceptions in conditions, in which the old and new speculations make different expectations. Along these lines, the over two stages should be rehashed. For testing the last speculation, the various models are tried with explicit spotlight on estimation. In this specific situation, Colasse and Durand (2014) expressed that psychological models could be utilized to delineate causal systems happening known to mankind. Along these lines, the specialist has confined the theories, which are enough streamed in the area of writing survey. Hypothetical system: The accompanying hypothetical systems have been utilized in the article to meet the goals of the examination: Examples of positive research in bookkeeping: The activity of adjusted personal circumstance among parties is the result of the bookkeeping wonders through inferred or express agreements in different sorts of associations. These spread the bookkeeping decisions with respect to the authoritative directors, detailing and evaluating choices with respect to the evaluators, the choices of the controllers as far as standard setting and the expert advices of scholastics. As expressed by Crawford and Lepine (2013), it is important to decide the kind of data, which the financial specialist uses to settle on speculation choices. This concludes the conduct of the people is sane; notwithstanding, not in the sort of games that occur from the hypothesis of constructive bookkeeping (Smith 2014). What's more, after examination of a few bookkeeping inquires about, the bookkeeping settings have been assessed without intelligent conduct, similar to the technique through which review experts cause decisions and the manners by which directors to use watchfulness in the frameworks of execution assessment. Thusly, these examples serve to show that the program of positive research is a lot more extensive contrasted with positive bookkeeping hypothesis (Deegan 2016). Thusly, a particular research that expects to increase a knowledge of the nature and reasons for the bookkeeping wonders follows the logical research of bookkeeping. Logical epistemology and philosophy: In the expressions of Dyckman and Zeff (2015), epistemology is a logical field, which expects to clarify the various methodologies accessible to increase a comprehension of the world. Cosmology, then again, tries to clarify the exercises and their relationship to respond to the inquiry. Right off the bat, the human organization and the socially evolved nature of jobs, affiliations and practices delineate that the social earth doesn't have a target means without the individuals, members and the exercises need not have any judicious reasons (Uno and Bartelmus 2013). Likewise, the earth couldn't be watched without the encounters of individuals and clarifications of the members (Gaffikin and Aitken 2014).Hence, due to such ontological and epistemological complexities, the plan to increase a comprehension of the reasons of bookkeeping marvels resembles a pointless exercise of beating a dead pony. In this manner, the issue related with the positive research is the investigation of experience and significance, as it means to investigate reasons. The different research streams with various scope of destinations could exist simultaneously. Another significant issue is identified with that of office. This is in such a case that the individuals have own will, their activities may bring about causes that are not submissive to logical investigation (Guthrie and Parker 2016). From this time forward, it is conceivable to depict the general social patterns; in any case, a few bookkeepers and examiners may will in general carry on in an alternate way. Subsequently, the conduct causes would not be recognized in the goal world; be that as it may, in a better place. Necessities of a powerful positive research program: From

Training and Development Paper Essay Example for Free

Preparing and Development Paper Essay Preparing and improvement have become a basic part in the human services industry. â€Å"Well-prepared help laborers are bound to give safe consideration and increment the certainty of enrolled staff to appoint tasks.† (â€Å"Better care through better preparing assessment of a HCA advancement programme,† 2012, p. 35). The general quality and amount of preparing and improvement got by representatives decides the achievement of an association. It a significant for associations to survey why preparing and training are significant. It is likewise fundamental that associations measure the abilities inside the association. When preparing and instruction programs have been set up, the association ought to make a framework for following and assessing the viability of the preparation. As indicated by Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy (2010), â€Å"Training regularly centers around furnishing representatives with explicit abilities or helping them right insufficiencies in their performance.† Preparing is utilized by associations as a way to promptly upgrade an individual employee’s expertise lack for their current occupation. Regularly, preparing happens in three phases. These stages are needs appraisal, advancement and lead, and assessment. (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, p. 246, 2010). In the requirements appraisal stage, associations decide whether preparing is required. In the case of preparing is required, the association will create preparing program that tends to the association, undertakings and individual needs of the organization and the laborers legitimately engaged with preparing. When it has been resolved that preparation is required, the turn of events and leading stage will be utilized to figure out what approach will be utilized. These methodologies incorporate the area, introduction and sorts of preparing to be utilized. The areas of preparing shift contingent upon the activity, however may remember for the activity preparing, apprenticeships and entry level positions. The introduction of the preparation might be led utilizing innovation based models, for example, PCs or human to human collaboration through incitement and pretend. The sorts of preparing additionally change and may incorporate group preparing or cross practical preparing. The assessment stage is the last stage in the preparation procedure. During this stage, associations decide whether the preparation was fundamental and viable. The associations frequently take a gander at the money related effect of the preparation and the general profitability of the laborers prepared. There are a few different ways that associations can assess and follow theâ effectiveness of preparing. One of these ways is by trying workers about occupation explicit undertakings. This can incorporate immediate and backhanded types of testing that may incorporate composed test or general inquiries being posed while workers are performing assignments. In the medicinal services industry, it is basic that an association measure each employee’s level of competency. Thusly, the association is made mindful of what kind of work the worker is fit for creating. This permits businesses the chance to evaluate if certain people can successfully carry out their responsibilities. This is significant for associations to do on the grounds that numerous associations and workers are given a practical desire for what can and can't be cultivated dependent on the assets of the representative. New mechanical headways in medicinal services are frequently advancing. Therefore, consistent preparing and training is required for human services representatives. Medicinal services associations must create approaches to gauge the competency of every one of their laborers. It is additionally significant the preparation programs be built up that adequately and productively train any representative who is missing legitimate occupation abilities. By setting up these endeavors, associations increment the general efficiency of their laborers. References Better consideration through better preparing assessment of a HCA advancement program. (2012, January). English Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 6(1), 35-38. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Gomez-Mejia, L., Balkin, D., Cardy, R. (2010). Overseeing HR (sixth ed.). Recovered from The University of Phoenix eBook Colllection database.

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #7 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #7 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The fact/statistic this week on the applicant pool is mother tongue indicated on the application.   Many applicants did note two or three languages as native or noted varied versions of a similar base language (Mandarin/Cantonese for example) and I cleaned up the list to try to keep it to a single base language so it might appear slightly different than what you remember entering. The point is, there are a lot of different mother tongues represented within the applicant pool!   94 in the count below. Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Assam Azerbaijani Azeri Bahasa Indonesia Bassa Belorussian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Czech Danish Dari Dutch Farsi Filipino Finnish French Galician Georgian German Gonja Greek Gujarati Guyanese-Creole Haitian-Creole Hebrew Hindi Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Kannada Kazakh Kinyarwanda Korean Krio Kurdish Kyrgyz Luganda Luo Malayalam Mambwe Marathi Mende Mundari Nepali Norwegian Nyanja Oriya Ossetian Panjabi Pashto Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Romanian Russian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Serer Shona Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovenian Somali Spanish Swahilli Swedish Swiss German Tagalog Tamil Telugu Thai Tigrinya Turkish Turkmenian Twi Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese Wolof Xhosa Yoruba

Observation Of A Community Assessment - 1525 Words

Windshield Survey A Windshield survey is the observation of a community while driving a car or riding public transportation to collect data for a community assessment. † (Harkness DeMarco, 2012, p. 175). It is the process of assessing a specific area or community with the objective of understanding the community’s socioeconomic profile. Important benefits of this survey include development of awareness, increase knowledge, and to understand the specific resources and needs of the community. The importance of a Community assessment is pertinent to enable the implementation of planning, and evaluation of programs, for the benefit and improvement of the health of people in that given community. The community health nurse gathers information and knowledge on the characteristics of a community through a windshield survey. This is completed by driving or walking through a chosen community, and providing a subjective analysis of the area observed. Community According to Harkness DeMarco, (2012), A community described as a specific area possessing geographic boundaries and sharing the same governing structure is often called a geopolitical community, consisting of people who live within the boundary, work within the boundary and as well as people who visit to purchase goods. Community assessment enables the nurse to understand the needs of a given community Additionally, there is also a phenomenological community, (homeless) which includes a group of people with commonShow MoreRelatedData Collection: Improving Patient Medication Communication 1477 Words   |  6 Pagesmethod has been found to improve patient outcomes and protect patient safety (Weiss, 2009). Type of Data Collection The toolkits Teach-back Observation Tool, which contains measurements of the ten essential elements of teach-back competence, will be used to assess the baseline and post-implementation during patient-nurse medication education encounter. 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Aid is not the Way to Development - 1427 Words

Trade, not aid, is the key to economic growth in developing countries. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Introduction Most of the developing countries are mired deeply in economical obstacles, which prevent them from development significantly. In order to overcome those embarrassments world’s society struggles to find the efficient solution for poor countries’ economies. Historically, developed countries undertook policy of giving aid to their colonies, afterwards by the end of The Second World War the United States and United Nations embarked the global sponsorship to the developing countries and countries of the Third World due to humanitarian considerations. Since then many other countries have joined in the effort to provide financial aid to lesser developed or poverty ridden countries. But none of those countries that received an aid had experienced a prosperity phase and rapid economic growth. 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Bioportal Ch. 2 Study Guide Free Essays

1. Polar molecules A. have bonds with an unequal distribution of electric charge. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioportal Ch. 2 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. must form ions in water solution. C. have bonds with an equal distribution of electrical charge. D. have bonds with an overall negative charge. E. have bonds with an overall positive charge. Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:A Your Response:A 2. Hydrocarbons are _______ and _______, whereas salts are _______ and _______. A. nonpolar; hydrophobic; polar; hydrophilic B. nonpolar; hydrophilic; polar; hydrophobic C. polar; hydrophilic; nonpolar; hydrophobic D. polar; hydrophobic; nonpolar ; hydrophilic E. None of the above Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:A Your Response:A 3. The pH of coffee is close to 5 and that of pure water is 7. This means that A. coffee is more basic than water. B. water is more acidic than coffee. C. the H+ concentration of coffee is seven-fifths that of water. D. the H+ concentration of water is one-one hundredth that of coffee. E. the H+ concentration of water is one-hundred times that of coffee. Correct See Section 2. 4: What Makes Water So Important for Life? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:D Your Response:D 4. Which of the following statements best describes the difference between an element and a molecule? A. An element is composed of atoms; a molecule is not. B. An element is composed of only one kind of atom; molecules can be composed of more than one kind of atom. C. An element is unstable; molecules are stable. D. Elements always have lower atomic weights than molecules. E. Elements exist in nature only as parts of molecules. Correct See Section 2. 1: How Does Atomic Structure Explain the Properties of Matter? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:B Your Response:B 5. Solid salt, NaCl, is neutral. When dissolved in water, NaCl A. remains as NaCl (does not dissociate). B. dissociates to form Na– and Cl+. C. dissociates to form Na+ and Cl– ions that do not interact with water molecules. D. dissociates to form Na+ and Cl– ions that interact with water molecules. E. does not dissociate, but interacts with water molecules. Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:D Your Response:D 6. Why is the pH of a 0. 1 M solution of acetic acid in water higher than that of a 0. 1 M solution of HCl in water? A. HCl is a weaker acid than acetic acid. B. The acetic acid does not fully ionize in water, but HCl does. C. HCl does not fully ionize in water, but acetic acid does. D. Acetic acid is a better buffer than HCl. E. Acetate (ionized acetic acid) is a strong base. Correct See Section 2. 4: What Makes Water So Important for Life? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:B Your Response:B 7. The reactivity of an atom arises from the A. energy difference between the s and p orbitals. B. potential energy of the outermost shell. C. average distance of the outermost shell from the nucleus. D. um of the potential energies of all electron shells. E. existence of unpaired electrons in the outermost shell. Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:E Your Response:E 8. Covalent bond formation depends on the ability of atoms to A. share electrons with other atoms. B. donate electrons to other atoms. C. receive electrons from other atoms. D. Both a and b E. All of the above Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:A Your Response:A 9. Which of the following structures molecules is incorrect? A. CH3—NH3 B. CH2=CH2 C. CH3—NH2 D. CH3—NH3+ E. CH3—CH3 Correct See Section 2. 3: How Do Atoms Change Partners in Chemical Reactions? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:A Your Response:A 10. What property of water contributes most to the ability of fish in lakes to survive very cold winters? A. Water is cohesive. B. Water has a high heat capacity. C. Frozen water is more dense than liquid water. D. Frozen water is less dense than liquid water. E. Water forms hydrogen bonds. Correct See Section 2. 4: What Makes Water So Important for Life? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:D Your Response:D 1. Water is essential to life. Which of the following physical properties of water affect(s) life in some beneficial way? A. Cohesiveness B. High heat capacity C. High heat of vaporization D. Ice is less dense than liquid water E. All of the above Correct See Section 2. 4: What Makes Water So Important for Life? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:E Your Response:E 12. Which o f the following interactions between atoms is the strongest? A. Hydrophobic B. Ionic C. Covalent D. van der Waals E. Hydrogen bonds Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:C Your Response:C 13. Given that Avagadro’s number is 6. 02 ? 1023, how many molecules of KCl would there be in 10–13 liter of a 1 M KCl solution? A. 6. 02 ? 1036 B. 6. 02 ? 1010 C. 6. 02 ? 10–10 D. 6. 02 ? 103 E. 6. 02 ? 1013 Correct See Section 2. 4: What Makes Water So Important for Life? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:B Your Response:B 14. For a covalent bond to be polar, the two atoms that form the bond must have A. differing atomic weights. B. differing numbers of neutrons. C. differing melting points. D. differing electronegativities. E. similar electronegativities. Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:D Your Response:D 15. Which of the following statements about chemical reactions is false? A. They occur when atoms combine or change their bonding partners. B. Energy may be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. C. Reactions may go to completion. D. Changes in forms of energy may accompany chemical reactions. E. The products of a chemical reaction are formed from the reactants. Correct See Section 2. 3: How Do Atoms Change Partners in Chemical Reactions? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:B Your Response:B 16. Propane (CH3—CH2—CH3), is considered a nonpolar molecule because A. it does not contain oxygen. B. carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities. C. it is a gas. D. it is flammable. E. it forms hydrogen bonds. Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:B Your Response:B 17. Isotopes of an element A. are always unstable and radioactive. B. have different numbers of protons. C. have the same atomic weight. D. have different numbers of neutrons. E. have different numbers of electrons. Correct See Section 2. : How Does Atomic Structure Explain the Properties of Matter? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:D Your Response:D 18. An element that contains ten protons and ten electrons is likely to A. form covalent bonds with another element. B. form ionic bonds with another element. C. be chemically inert (stable). D. be radioactive. E. be toxic. Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molec ules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:C Your Response:C 19. Rank the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and phosphorus (P) in decreasing order of the number of covalent bonds they usually form. A. C ; P ; N ; O ; H B. P ; O ; C ; N ; H C. P ; C ; N ; O ; H D. P ; C ; O ; N ; H E. P ; C ; O ; H ; N Correct See Section 2. 2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:C Your Response:C 20. The molecular weight of acetic acid is 60. How many grams of acetic acid would be required to prepare 10 ml of a 0. 001 M (1. 0 mM) solution? A. 6. 0 B. 0. 6 C. 0. 0006 D. 0. 06 E. 0. 006 Correct See Section 2. 4: What Makes Water So Important for Life? Points Earned:1/1 Correct Answer:C Your Response:C How to cite Bioportal Ch. 2 Study Guide, Papers

Self-Reliance Essays (287 words) - Virtue, Self-Reliance, De, Peace

Self-Reliance Self-Reliance: It can mean two things to some people and it does to me. Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles. Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. These are the two quotes I chose because they both mean something to me and helped me get what Emerson meant when he was writing. The first quote is. Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles. This is the first type of self-reliance is purely self- reliance in what you do with your life how you live it and what principles you learn and take from others. So when Emerson says Nothing can bring you peace but yourself he means it doesnt go looking for peace thru someone else find it yourself with your ideals and principles. And then the second quote Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. This look on self-reliance is purely within its saying that to trust your ideals and principles you have to first trust yourself, and this is something that I personally struggled with when I was deciding on whether or not I wanted to go back to college I didnt trust myself to complete the class work and feared I would only end up failing again. In conclusion Emerson piece on self-reliance has many different ways to interpret it some can be seen as negative and others positive to me his whole essay was simply trying to get people to think about how they go about things and to believe in themselves instead of the norm of the world.

In the Stern there is a Leaning Body essays

In the Stern there is a Leaning Body essays In the Stern there is a Leaning Body "En la popa hay un cuerpo reclinado" Rene Marques is a famous Puerto Rican author. His work In the Stern there is a Leaning Body, deals with many issues including the role of woman in society and their effect on men. This story examines masculinity, specifically through the eyes of one man. The story is told by both a narrator and the protagonist. The narrator describes what is going on at the present moment and the protagonist relays his thoughts and memories to the reader. These thoughts are interspersed throughout the story, making the work difficult to read and confusing at times. What can be even more confusing for the reader is the absence of names in the story. There are only three main characters and they are the protagonist, his wife, and their son. The story begins in the stern of a boat. There is a body leaning against the stern of the boat and it is not moving. The protagonist is rowing the boat. Immediately, through the thoughts of the protagonist, we begin to learn about his life. We learn that he had a very controlling mother who forced him to become a teacher instead of a writer, which was his life-long desire. And although the protagonist prefers dark-skinned women, his mother tells him that he may only date white women. Once the protagonist receives his teachers diploma, his mother dies and he goes on to marry a white woman that was a favorite of his mothers. He believes that his life will now have meaning, but he soon discovers the contrary. His wife is very demanding and also controls him. She is always complaining and asking for things. She seems to be obsessed with material possessions as she demands that the protagonist buy her a dress, a television, and new curtains for their balcony. The couple have a son but the son is born sick. The mother uses the son to relate to the protagonist that he is not a good ...

The Commonly Confused Words Explicit and Implicit

The Commonly Confused Words Explicit and Implicit In some contexts (as explained in the usage notes below), the words explicit and implicit are antonyms - that is, they have opposite meanings. Definitions The adjective explicit means direct, clearly expressed, readily observable, or laid out in full. The adverb form is explicitly.The adjective implicit means implied, unstated, or expressed indirectly. The adverb form is implicitly. Examples I gave you an explicit order. I expect to be obeyed.(James Carroll, Memorial Bridge. Houghton Mifflin, 1991)Most states consider sexually explicit images of minors to be child pornography, meaning even teenagers who share nude selfies among themselves can, in theory at least, be hit with felony charges that can carry heavy prison sentences and require lifetime registration as a sex offender.(Associated Press, Teen Sexting Prompts Efforts to Update Child Porn Laws. The New York Times, March 17, 2016)Love is one of those words that illustrate what happens to an old, overworked language. These days with movie stars and crooners and preachers and psychiatrists all pronouncing the word, its come to mean nothing but a vague fondness for something. In this sense, I love the rain, this blackboard, these desks, you. It means nothing, you see, whereas once the word signified a quite explicit thinga desire to share all you own and are with someone else.(John Updike, Tomorrow and Tomorrow and So Forth. The Early Stories: 1953-1975. Random House, 2003) You must listen carefully and critically to understand Snoops implicit message.In academia, implicit bias, or implicit racial bias as it is here, refers to subtle forms of possibly unintentional prejudice affecting judgment and social behavior.(Rose Hackman, Black Judge Effect: Study of Overturning Rates Questions If Justice Is Really Blind. The Guardian [UK], March 17, 2016) Usage Notes These two words come from the same Latin root meaning to fold. When something is explicit, its unfolded, laid open for people to see. Implicit is the opposite of that. It means folded in, in the sense that its meaning is covered or contained within something else and isnt explicit. . . .An explicit statement makes a point distinctly, openly, and unambiguously. . . . An explicit picture, book, film, etc. depicts nudity or sexuality openly and graphically. . . .When something is implicit, its implied, not plainly stated. . . . Implicit belief, implicit confidence, implicit faith, etc., involve having no doubts or reservations.(Stephen Spector, May I Quote You on That?: A Guide to Grammar and Usage. Oxford University Press, 2015)The words seem perfect antonyms- but for the unexpected fact that they join in implying that what they describe is undoubtable. Implicit trust is as firm as explicit trust because quite as real. Note that implicit makes its point absolutely but that implied req uires telltale loose ends (see imply, infer). . . . Tacit is often used in the same way as implicit. A tacit reconciliation is one that both parties acknowledge and act upon without speaking of it.(Wilson Follett, Modern American Usage: A Guide, rev. by Erik Wensberg. Hill and Wang, 1998) Practice (a) Though most people would agree that the media almost never deliver a message that explicitly encourages violence, some people argue that violence in the media carries the _____ message that violence is acceptable.(Jonathan L. Freedman, Media Violence and Its Effect on Aggression, 2002)(b) Cigarette packs carry _____ health warnings. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) Though most people would agree that the media almost never deliver a message that explicitly encourages violence, some people argue that violence in the media carries the implicit message that violence is acceptable.(Jonathan L. Freedman, Media Violence and Its Effect on Aggression, 2002)(b) Cigarette packs carry explicit health warnings.

Food chain security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Food chain security - Essay Example concerns related to food products especially during the 1990s mandated the European Union and other nations around the globe to review their policies regarding food safety and finding means in protecting consumers against contaminated food products (Newcomb, 2013, 43). During the year of 2001, the European Union prepared a paper on food safety as framework for the new legal basis for the production of suitable food and animal feed production plus food safety control measures. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an organization mandated to developing internal guidelines, standards, and recommendations that are meant to reducing risks associated with food contaminations. The Codex Alimentarius established a risk analysis, the HACCP and the approach of the integrated food chain. The paradigm of the food analysis includes risk management and assessment. The risk communication has also been included as the universal principles in the European Union regulations and they are the ones which forms the legal basis of the food safety systems in EU member countries (FAO, 2012). Many people around the world today, including scholars have been concerned on the negative effects of unsafe food on human health. A lot more have begun to explore the issue from a range of perspectives such as crisis management, food safety, state responsibility and so on (Charles, et al n.d, 2). . This paper discusses how the principles of risk analysis and food safety management can be applied to ensure food safety in the food chain. We will evaluate various principles such as HACCP, BCP and Traceability and Recall Management as measure that ensure food safety in food chains. Risk management remains a major concern for governments and food processors in protecting their consumers against harmful food products. Although Risk management may be based on both scientific evidence and risk evaluation, other areas of food production such as environmental protection and animal warfare could be

V&Cwk3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

V&Cwk3 - Essay Example ent who comes for career counseling or any other counseling is a way to cause harm to the client which is a violation of A.4 (a), which says that counselors are to do no harm to their clients. Section B explains information about confidentiality and the most important section to me is B.1 (a) which talks about respecting client rights, taking into consideration multicultural and diversity issues. This section brings to mind that it is important to understand how different cultures see confidentiality, privacy views toward disclosure, and more (NCDA, p. 10). Since we live in a global world, it is important to be well rounded as a counselor. Section C speaks to professional responsibility, Capuzzi and Stauffer state that this section says that "professionals must perform at the highest level of their ability" (p. 97). I agree with this statement and section C.2 (a) is most important in this section because it says that career professionals must only work within the "boundaries of their competence" (NCDA, p. 15). This means as an example, that a career professional does not engage in mental health counseling because it is not within the scope of practice. I believe this is important because professionals must understand they cannot be everything to every client. They are governed by their "education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials and appropriate professional experience" (NCDA, p. 15). The standards that I chose to compare with the NCDA standards re the American Counseling Association (ACA) standards. The first difference between these two that I see are the way they are set up for reading. The ACA standards have thee columns and each section is separated by a blue box so the reader knows which section they are in. The NCDA guidelines are easier to read because they are spaced out a little more. Both guidelines speak to the counseling relationship and they both say that counselors should avoid harm to clients. The ACA

Buying Behavior In The Mauritian Supermarkets Marketing Essay

Buying Behavior In The Mauritian Supermarkets Marketing Essay To identify the different types of sales promotion used on the Mauritian supermarkets/hypermarkets. To analyze the awareness of sales promotion among the Mauritian consumers. To evaluate the different types of buying behavior that arises due to sales promotion. To examine the impact of different types of sales promotion such as coupon, free sample, buy-one-get-one-free, bonus pack, price discount on the buying behavior of consumers in the Mauritian supermarkets. 2.0 Introduction This chapter provides a review of past literatures on sales promotion and the different types of sales promotion, such as coupons, free sample, buy-one-get-one-free, bonus pack and price discount. It also relates consumer response towards sales promotional tools in the Mauritian supermarkets. 2.1 Sales promotion defined Sales promotion is a direct inducement or incentive to the sales force, the distributor or the consumer with the primary objective of creating an immediate sale. (Schultz and Robinson, 1882). Quelch (1989) defines sales promotion as temporary incentives targeted at the trade (trade promotions), or at end consumers (consumers promotions). Sales promotion is one of the four ingredients of the promotion mix. The other three are personal selling, publicity and advertising. According to Quelch, sales promotions differ both in role and nature from advertising. Sales promotions are typically viewed as an easily executed means of boosting short-term sales whereas advertising is seen as building brand image. Shimp (2003) stated that sales promotion refers to any incentive used by a manufacturer to induce the trade (wholesalers, retailers, or other channel members) and consumers to buy a brand and to encourage the sales force to aggressively sell it. Retailers also use promotional incentives to encourage desired behaviors from consumers. Sales promotion is more short-term oriented and capable of influencing behavior. The objectives of any promotional strategy are to increase sales; maintain or improve market share; create or improve brand recognition; create a favorable climate for future sales; inform and educate the market; create a competitive advantage, relative to competitors products or market position; improve promotional efficiency. (Rowley, 1998). 2.2 Types of sales promotion According to Smith (1998), there are three main categories of sales promotion: Customer promotions (Premiums, gifts and prizes) Trade promotions (Special terms, point-of-sale materials and free pens, diaries, and competitive prizes among others) Sales force promotions (Incentive and motivation schemes) Tellis (1998) brings further that, in practice, there two types of sales promotion: Monetary and Non-monetary sales promotions. Monetary promotions are for example, shelf-price discounts, coupons and sampling. They tend to provide fairly immediate rewards to the consumer and they are transactional in character. On the other hand, non-monetary sales promotions include free gifts, contests and sweepstakes for instance. It tends to involve delayed rewards and are more relationship-based. 2.3 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets defined A supermarket is relatively large, low cost, low margin, high-volume self service operation design to serve the consumers general needs for food, laundry and household maintenance products (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001). The area covered by a supermarket can be about 400 2500 square meters. Examples of supermarkets in Mauritius are Winners, Spar, Way and Dream Price, Value Max and Lolo supermarket among others. Hypermarkets are larger than supermarkets and offer a large assortment of routinely purchased food products, non-food items and services which meet the consumers total need. Hypermarkets can have at least 50,000 square feet of selling and can handle more than 40,000 products. These outlets are usually located on the outskirt of towns or cities and are complemented with 30 to 50 shops, specialized in various product lines. The hypermarkets and combination of shops thus offer customers a one-stop shopping. For instance in Mauritius, Shoprite, Jumbo, Super U and Intermart are categorized as hypermarkets. 2.4 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets of Mauritius It is no doubt that during the past decades considerable changes have been occurring in the Mauritian retail market. Unprecedented growth in new retail formats, changes in competition, consumers, technology and takeovers are occurring throughout virtually every corner of the Mauritian retail industry and many types of retail institutions have been appearing from corner shops to hypermarkets. There have been major developments in the retail sector of Mauritius. For instance, the arrival of Dream Price, Value Max and Lolo supermarket in different location of Mauritius have intensify the level of competition. 2.5 Consumer response towards sales promotions Promotions arouse two reactions in people. Firstly, it is an increase in consumption, that is, more quantity of a product is acquired. Secondly, it is the storage of the product for the future, that is, the consumer acts in anticipating his purchases. Promotions have been shown to affect consumers directly in a variety of ways, leading to: Brand switching Brand loyalty Purchase acceleration Stockpiling Product trial 2.5.1 Brand switching According to Gupta (1993), it is possible that consumers who do not buy a brand will want to acquire it because they are attracted by the sales promotion. But, Brandweek (1994) found that some people who change brand due to a promotion, change back to their favourite brand due to a promotion change back to their favourite brand when buying that category of product later. 2.5.2 Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is an important concept in understanding consumer buying behavior. It is a deeply held commitment to re-buy or re-patronise a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same brand purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior (Oliver, 1999) 2.5.3 Purchase acceleration Two aspects of purchase acceleration should be considered: Increased quantity and Decreased interpurchase time (Neslin, Quelich, Henderson 1982). However, there is a very important question on how these two aspects will influence each other due to the stockpiling effect. Purchase acceleration is predominantly exhibited in increased purchase quantities rather than shortened interpurchase time (Gupta, 1988) 2.5.4 Stockpiling Research has found that promotions have a negative effect on brand equity (Jedidi et al., 1999), increase variability and volatility in sales and thus increase inventory management problems, increase consumer price sensitivity which leads to increased purchases made on deals, and produce stockpiling behavior (buying in all volumes that decreases long-term sales volume). 2.5.5 Product trial Peter and Olson (1996) put forward that trial ability refers to the degree to which a product can be tried on a limited basis or divided into small quantities for an inexpensive trial. Banks (2003) wrote that with sales promotion, brands have a chance to quickly affect consumer choice and behavior by adding value through an on-pack offer, by achieving incremental display or by encouraging trial via sampling and/or coupons. According to the trial and repeat model mentioned by Thomas (1993), it is generally assumed that of all potential buyers in a given time period, only those who are aware of the new product could potentially try it (trial), and only those who try it could potentially buy it again (repeat). 2.6 Sales promotional tools 2.6.1 Coupons Coupons are easily understood by the consumer and highly useful for trial purchase (Cook, 2003). According to Blackwell et al. (2001), a manufacturer might utilize coupon incentives to encourage consumers to try a new flavored product at a discounted price, instead of buying the same flavor they normally do at full price. Cheong (1993) found that supermarket coupons increase the number of items bought without increasing the total amount spent. 2.6.2 Price reduction It is well-known that price reduction produces a short-term volume gain for the brand being promoted. After studying the effects of price reduction on the sales of 25 products in four countries, Ehrenberg et al. (1994) determined that short-term peaks in sales were due primarily t purchases made by occasional users of a brand rather than by new customers. Also, after taking advantage of the price reduction, consumers mostly return to their favorite brands in their portfolio rather than buy the promoted brand at full price. 2.6.3 Free sample Free sample is another important promotional tool often used by marketers. Marketers often mail free samples of products to consumers so that they can try the products for themselves, rather than just hear about the products (Kardes, 1999). But, Gilbert and Jackaria (2002) found that a free sample as a promotional tool often had no significance on consumers reported buying behavior. 2.6.4Bonus pack and Buy-one-get-one-free Lee (1963) mentioned that factory bonus pack is used to increase consumer trial of the brand. Since more of the product is included at no extra cost, consumers can be persuaded to buy the product if they feel it represents a deal that produces the greatest value for their money. According to Gilbert and Jackaria (2002), packs with Buy-one-get-one-free may not increase brand awareness before trial purchase because the customer will only come across the product once in the store (unlike samples or coupons), however, it the promotion is noticeable, it will facilitate brand recognition and brand recall for future purchases. Since an additional amount is given for free, consumers may be persuaded to buy the product if they feel it represents a fair deal that provides value for money. 2.6.5 In-store display In-store display is the product featuring and display in-store (Pramataris, 2001). Display promotions could be an important part of an integrated marketing communication programme. Good display material leads to better attention, especially for brands driven by recognition awareness. Percy et al. (2001) advised that display must be consistent with consumer promotion and advertising, eith the same look and feel, in order to increase recognition at the point of purchase. 2.7 Summary Due to high profitability, many retail outlets have entered the retail industry in Mauritius. The arrival of supermarkets and hypermarkets seems to continue to emerge and exist, but they are however facing greater competition. Distance is no more a problem in Mauritius since many people have their own transport facility and the local transport service is as well more efficient as compared to long ago. One main analysis in the literature is that little research has been carried out on the marketing tools in Mauritius. As such, this provides room for a thorough research to be carried out on several types of sales promotional tools adopted in our supermarkets/hypermarkets; and the responded behavior of the consumers towards the tools utilized.

Dramatic irony Essay

Chapter 18/19 is a link between the first stage of Pips ‘Great Expectations’ and the third stage. Pip is in the 4th year of Pip’s apprenticeship to Joe. A stranger unexpectedly approaches with bullying legal manners. The stranger is Jaggers, a London Lawyer, who announces that Pip has inherited ‘great expectations’ and therefore great fortune from a mysterious benefactor. He will now have to leave the forge and be educated as a gentleman. Pip is warned that the terms of the contract. He must not seek to know the name of the benefactor, and must also keep his nickname of ‘Pip’. This reminds us that there will be continuity between the apprentice and the gentleman. Due to circumstantial evidence Pip assumes, and is convinced that Miss Havisham is his benefactor. (Miss Havisham is a wealthy spinster, turned fanatical and cruel, after being jilted on her wedding day. He spent many childhood days at her house-Satis house to play with Pip’s ‘love’, Estella, her adopted daughter-regardless of being made bitter hearted by Havisham). He remembers seeing Jaggers at Satis house and notes that his tutor to be Matthew Pocket. It is best if she is his benefactor as they are ‘related’. This is the only way he can be a ‘real’ gentleman. However, Jaggers warns us that we have no authority for this opinion. Joe refuses to accept compensation for the loss of his apprentice, Pip. He exclaims â€Å"Pip is that hearty welcome†¦to go free with his services, to honour, and fortun’ as no words can tell him. But if you think money can compensate to me for the loss of the little child-what come to the forge-and ever the best of friends! – -â€Å"This tells us that Pip’s happiness and wellbeing is genuinely important to Joe, he has no qualms about the ‘greater opportunities’ that Pip can gain. Not only are they relatives, on a more sincere level, they are good friends too. Pip is very happy about the fact that he is going to finally be able to follow his ambitions of becoming a gentleman. Before he goes he notices something, â€Å"I saw Joe†¦he never smoked so late, and it seemed to hint to me that he wanted comforting, for some reason or another†. His recognition is hindered by the reason that he can not understand how much Joe cares about him, or why he is even sad, this signifies a further crack in their relationship. Pip resents the touch of sadness in the congratulations of Joe and Biddy. As he goes to bed, he is surprised that his good fortune makes him feel considerably lonely, â€Å"lost in the mazes of my future fortunes†¦ could not trace the paths we had trodden together†. A key emotion that deepens is illustrated. On Pip taking a last walk on the marshes, he dismisses the memory of the convict-thinking that he will never see him again, after all these years. He already starts acting like a snob, planning generous disdain towards the villagers. He even asks Biddy (Joe’s wife after the death of Mrs Joe) to improve Joe’s manners in order to fit him for a ‘higher sphere’. When Biddy answers that Joe has his own pride, Pip accuses her of envy. Pip’s snobbish demeanour results in his refusal to be seen with Joe, despite Joe being a continuous, stable and almost father like, loving figure to him. Pip leaves for London alone, but is seized with remorse on the coach † So subdued I was by those tears..I deliberated with an aching heart.† The reader has little sympathetic approach to see him feeling terrible. Joe and Biddy’s dignity contrasts with the behaviour of everyone else. Everyone else contains hopes to use Pip’s fortune for their own ends; demonstrations of artificial kindness/warmth towards him are made. Dickens lets us know that there are many people around who are quite selfishly on the pursuit for filling their own short comings, but there are also some people who aren’t. Lower class people are depicted ‘truly loving’. The last phrase in this chapter creates a stepping stone for the climax of the story. â€Å"The world lay spread before me†. This indicates that Pip is losing his innocence and is about to enter a world of sin. Pip’s division of mind’, is illustrated by rapid changes in mood; elation to resentment (‘I feel offended’) and condescension (‘handsomely forgiving her’). We are bought about to a sense that things may end with wistfulness and loneliness for Pip. In chapter 39 the narrative shows that Pip isn’t completely happy about the way his life has turned out.† I was alone and had the dull sense of being alone†. This shows that Pip’s pursuit of his ‘great expectations’ has led him to great loneliness. Pip is ‘dispirited and anxious’, he is still ‘long hoping’, and ‘long disappointed’. This suggests that he has some issues about what he has happened. Even though he has got the big opportunity to become a gentleman, his life still feels like there is a missing element, which he has been yearning for, for a long time-shown by the repetition of the word ‘long’, this could be love. The scene is set on a particularly ‘ferocious’, ‘gloomy’ stormy night. The weather is very unsettled. â€Å"It was wretched weather; stormy and wet; mud, mud, mud, deep in all the streets. Day after day†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Dickens uses repetition to emphasize the significance and effects of Magwitch’s resurface. Irony plays a major role here, compellingly helping to set the mood of the scene. Stormy weather/atmosphere is used to convey an artifice of uncertainty embarking around Pip, connecting first chapter. Pip’s feelings are expressed, throwing us back to the graveyard scene. Dramatic irony is finely tuned here preparing us for Magwitch’s much anticipated return. The lights have gone out, due to the bad weather. Dramatically this shows that Magwitch has arrived, and ironically he is about to ‘blow out the light of Pips life’-being a gentleman. Magwitch has come to meet Pip, he represents the voice from the ‘darkness beneath’ coming up. Pip can’t see Magwitch properly, and so does not know that it is him. The expression on the mysterious visitors face both puzzles and annoys Pip, he feels unsure about the person, but the man gives off the impression that he is happy to have met him.† In the instant I had seen a face that was strange to me, looking up with an incomprehensible air of being touched and pleased by the sight of me†. Pip resents the ‘bright and gratified recognition that still shone on his (strangers’) face†, he is weary of the ‘stranger’. He doesn’t want to respond to him and he shows this by inhospitably asking him questions, he thinks that he doesn’t know who he is. The description of ‘the strangers’ appearance is an indication from Dickens that shows that ironically this is Magwitch. Magwitch looks ‘substantially dressed, but roughly’, showing that although he has made a great deal of money, his old habits/ status have still stayed with him, his look ‘voyager by the sea’ indicates that this man has travelled far to get here, Magwitch came from Australia, where he was last taken. He is muscular, in particular ‘strong on his legs’, shows that he could runaway quite easily in spite of his age. Magwitch is ‘browned and hardened’ as a result of exposure to harsh weather and labour. His hair is ‘iron grey’; like irons that convicts would wear to prevent them from escaping. Dickens is trying to relate Magwitch to the realities of crime, to show Pip and both the reader that it was near impossible to shake of the image of crime, even if you had made a large fortune to show as well, at the time. The man’s actions are a clue that he is in fact Magwitch. He continually holds out both of Pip’s hands, which Pip ‘reluctantly gives’, ‘grasping them heartily’ and kisses them. This shows a relationship between them, although a large number of years since contact have passed. The narrative shows Pip’s reaction to be ‘a stupid kind of amazement’ towards the stranger holding out his hands to him. Pip is ‘half suspecting him to be mad’, and ‘wished him gone’, which shows the lack of affection that Pip feels towards a man who clearly shows him some. Dickens is carefully dripping in the truth for added affect. The dialogue explains how Pip recognises the ‘stranger’, (shaking his head with deliberate affection): â€Å"You’re a game one’†¦I’m glad you’ve grown up, a game one! But don’t catch hold of me. You’d be sorry afterwards to have done it†. Magwitch tells Pip that he shouldn’t try to stop him, last time Pip almost got into trouble for helping him. Magwitch just wants to meet Pip and then he will leave. The audience knows that the ‘stranger’ is Magwitch, where up until now Pip doesn’t. The dialogue and narrative proves, to everyone, that the man is Magwitch. He reveals news about his life in Australia. He lets us know how he made his fortune, through land and stock, especially the tough agricultural industry. He has been a stock farmer, a sheep farmer and ‘other trades beside’. Magwitch reveals, by hints, that he is Pip’s benefactor. He coyly pretends to ‘guess’ important facts about Pip and his coming of fortunes. â€Å"†¦income since you come of age†¦first figure, now. Five†¦ there ought to have been some guardian (while he was a minor) †¦the first letter of that lawyer’s name, now. Would it be J?† Pips’ reaction to the news comes as a blow to him; the moment of truth of his position is powerfully portrayed through the language, narrative, and description. â€Å"†¦its disappointments, dangers, disgraces, consequences of all kinds rushed in such multitude that I was borne down †¦ struggle to breath†. The effective use of descriptive alliteration and long sentence structure vividly highlights Pips overwhelming flight of emotions that come ‘flashing down’ upon him. He is especially disgusted as his hopes of being a gentleman have come crashing down, almost like a feeling reflected by the weather, ‘a vast heavy veil driving over’ him. His distress is exemplified by the fact that he deserted his loyal friend Joe for the life that the convict Magwitch has given.

The Theory Of Infantile Sexuality - 1233 Words

Although modern society disregards the theory of infantile sexuality and its relationship to neurotic personality types, closer examination shows that a direct correlation exists. Freud’s five stages of infantile sexuality prove their significant impact on the eventual maturation of what is regarded as adult psychosexual behaviors. Freud categorizes the stages of infantile sexuality as follows; oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Each stage is represented by certain developmental behaviors, which are innate in all normal functioning children. The complete transition of the libido from one stage to the next is necessary to avoid fixation on a specific erogenous zone. Society’s lack of attention to these stages of adolescent sexuality†¦show more content†¦I. The Five Stages of Infantile Sexuality The initial encounter with sensual behavior brings forth the first leap into psychosexual behaviors of the oral stage. This action is initiated by the infant’s earliest pleasurable experience, nursing. The unavoidable drive of the libido is drawn into the only sensation of pleasure to the infant’s knowledge, the stimulation of the oral cavity. In this sense the libido is concerned with the direction an individual focuses their energy. The total satisfaction received the first time the infant nurses is what prompts the oral stage. From the initial contact with a mother’s breast, a child desires to recreate that same stimulation. This feeling is the unconscious drive along the journey of psychosexual development. At this age everything the infant does is dependent on caregivers. There is no sense of independence. When teeth are formed, caregivers begin weening the infant away from relying on nursing as its form of sustenance. The forceful way the authoritative fig ures introduce autonomy creates conflict. The libido does not willingly detach from the oral fixation, and total dependent state. Once the primary form of stimulation is no longer available the child substitutes it for whatever is nearest to him. This accounts for why babies enjoy putting objects into their mouths; bottles, pacifiers, fingers, toes, and keys. Because the sense of â€Å"ego† has not come into play, there is no desire

Grumman F4F Wildcat - World War II

The Grumman F4F Wildcat was a fighter used by the US Navy during the early years of World War II. Entering service in 1940, the aircraft first saw combat with the Royal Navy which used the type under the name Martlet. With the American entry into the conflict in 1941, the F4F was the only fighter in use by the US Navy capable of effectively dealing with the famed Mitsubishi A6M Zero. Though the Wildcat lacked the Japanese aircrafts maneuverability, it possessed greater durability and through the employment of special tactics achieved a positive kill ratio. As the war progressed, the Wildcat was supplanted by the newer, more powerful Grumman F6F Hellcat and Vought F4U Corsair. Despite this, upgraded versions of the F4F remained in use on escort carriers and in secondary roles. Though less celebrated than the Hellcat and Corsair, the Wildcat played a critical role during the early years of the conflict and participated in the pivotal victories at Midway and Guadalcanal. Design Development In 1935, the US Navy issued a call for a new fighter to replace its fleet of Grumman F3F biplanes. Responding, Grumman initially developed another biplane, the XF4F-1 which was an enhancement of the F3F line. Comparing the XF4F-1 with the Brewster XF2A-1, the Navy elected to move forward with the latter, but asked Grumman to rework their design. Returning to the drawing board, Grummans engineers completely redesigned the aircraft (XF4F-2), transforming it into a monoplane featuring large wings for greater lift and a higher speed than the Brewster. Grumman XF4F-3 Wildcat prototype during flight testing, circa April 1939.   US Naval History and Heritage Command Despite these changes, the Navy decided to move forward with the Brewster after a fly-off at Anacostia in 1938. Working on their own, Grumman continued to modify the design. Adding the more powerful Pratt Whitney R-1830-76 Twin Wasp engine, expanding the wing size, and modifying the tailplane, the new XF4F-3 proved capable of 335 mph. As the XF4F-3 greatly surpassed the Brewster in terms of performance, the Navy granted a contract to Grumman to move the new fighter into production with 78 aircraft ordered in August 1939. F4F Wildcat - Specifications (F4F-4) GeneralLength: 28 ft. 9 in.Wingspan: 38 ft.Height: 9 ft. 2.5 in.Wing Area: 260 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 5,760 lbs.Loaded Weight: 7,950 lbs.Crew: 1PerformancePower Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-1830-86 double-row radial engine, 1,200 hpRange: 770 milesMax Speed: 320 mphCeiling: 39,500 ft.ArmamentGuns: 6 x 0.50 in. M2 Browning machine gunsBombs: 2 Ãâ€" 100 lb bombs and/or 2 Ãâ€" 58 gallon drop tanks Introduction Entering service with VF-7 and VF-41 in December 1940, the F4F-3 was equipped with four .50 cal. machine guns mounted in its wings. While production continued for the US Navy, Grumman offered a Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9-powered variant of the fighter for export. Ordered by the French, these aircraft were not complete by the fall of France in mid-1940. As a result, the order was taken over by the British who used the aircraft in the Fleet Air Arm under the name Martlet. Thus it was a Martlet that scored the types first combat kill when one downed a German Junkers Ju 88 bomber over Scapa Flow on December 25, 1940. Improvements Learning from British experiences with the F4F-3, Grumman began introducing a series of changes to the aircraft including folding wings, six machine guns, improved armor, and self-sealing fuel tanks. While these improvements slightly hampered the new F4F-4s performance, they improved pilot survivability and increased the number that could be carried aboard American aircraft carriers. Deliveries of the Dash Four began in November 1941. A month earlier, the fighter officially received the name Wildcat. War in the Pacific At the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the US Navy and Marine Corps possessed 131 Wildcats in eleven squadrons. The aircraft quickly came to prominence during the Battle of Wake Island (December 8-23, 1941), when four USMC Wildcats played a key role in the heroic defense of the island. During the next year, the fighter provided defensive cover for American planes and ships during the strategic victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the decisive triumph at the Battle of Midway. In addition to carrier use, the Wildcat was an important contributor to Allied success in the Guadalcanal Campaign. F4F-4 Wildcat fighters at Henderson Field, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands on 14 April 1943. US Naval History and Heritage Command Though not as nimble as its main Japanese opponent, the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the Wildcat quickly earned a reputation for its ruggedness and ability to withstand shocking amounts of damage while still remaining airborne. Learning quickly, American pilots developed tactics to deal with the Zero which utilized the Wildcats high service ceiling, greater ability to power dive, and heavy armament. Group tactics were also devised, such as the Thach Weave which allowed Wildcat formations to counter a diving attack by Japanese aircraft. Phased Out In mid-1942, Grumman ended Wildcat production in order to focus on its new fighter, the F6F Hellcat. As a result, manufacture of the Wildcat was passed to General Motors. GM built Wildcats received the designation FM-1 and FM-2. Though the fighter was supplanted by the F6F and F4U Corsair on most American fast carriers by mid-1943, its small size made it ideal for use aboard escort carriers. This allowed the fighter to remain in both American and British service through the end of the war. Production ended in fall 1945, with a total of 7,885 aircraft built. FM-2 Wildcat fighters from the escort carrier USS White Plains (CVE-66) fly an escort mission, June 24, 1944. US Naval History and Heritage Command   While the F4F Wildcat often receives less notoriety than its later cousins and possessed a less-favorable kill-ratio, it is important to note that the aircraft bore the brunt of the fighting during the critical early campaigns in the Pacific when Japanese air power was at its peak. Among the notable American pilots who flew the Wildcat were Jimmy Thach, Joseph Foss, E. Scott McCuskey, and Edward Butch OHare.